\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0644\u062f \u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0643\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0627 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0646\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 17 \u0644\u0646\u0631\u0649 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0632\u0627 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0648\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0628\u0644\u063a \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0643\u0645\u0647 \u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0645\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a. \u0641\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0628\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u0645\u062d\u062a \u0628\u0646\u0634\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 17 \u0633\u064a\u0642\u0648\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0630\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0631\u062d \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0635\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629 .<\/p>\n
\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062c\u0632\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0631\u0636\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621. \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0645\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0648\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0636\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u0639 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627. \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0641\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 1789 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 1881 . \u0648\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0646\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062b\u0642\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n
1-\t\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0645\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a<\/p>\n
\u0646\u0634\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0645\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0642\u0631\u0631 \u0644\u0648\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0646\u0627\u0646\u062a (1685) \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629: \u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u060c \u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f. \u0648\u0639\u0642\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0627\u063a\u062a\u0631\u0628 200 \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u062b\u0642\u0641\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0642\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 (\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0627). \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0636\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u062d\u0631\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0646\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0637\u0647\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0645 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0628\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0645\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a. \u0644\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0628\u0627\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u062a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0631\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0645\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0648\u062f \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0637\u0628\u0639 \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0642\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0636\u0646\u0647\u0645. \u0641\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0633\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 .<\/p>\n
\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0646 17 \u064818\u060c \u062a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0628\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u062c\u062f \u0644\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0628\u0627 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629. \u0641\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0628\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0625\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0628\u064a. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u0628\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u064a\u0644\u064a Pierre Bayle\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633 \u0628\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u062c\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0648 Pierre Jurieu\u064a\u0646\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062a\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646. \u0628\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u064a\u0644\u064a \u064a\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0645\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a. \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0648 \u064a\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0639\u0646 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n
\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0626\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u062f La Gazette de Leyde\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0623\u0633\u0633\u062a \u0633\u0646\u0629 1680 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u062c\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0648 \u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0648\u0646 Jean de la Font\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 1811. \u0648\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0633\u062d\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u060c 4200 \u0646\u0633\u062e\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636”\u0644\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0635\u0646\u0629”. \u0648\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 50 \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 100 \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0634\u062e\u0635. \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0647\u0627\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627\u060c \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0647\u064a \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0645\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n
\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 18 \u0628\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0631\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062c\u0644\u0648- \u0633\u0627\u0643\u0633\u0648\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0643\u0631 \u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0648\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0633\u0643\u064a\u0648 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0631\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n
\u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0623\u0633\u0633\u062a \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 “\u0644\u0648 \u0645\u064a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u062f\u0648 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633” Le Mercure de France\u0633\u0646\u0629 1672 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u062a\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1825\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062a\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 . \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u0638\u0644 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645.<\/p>\n
\u0648\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u064a\u064a\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0637\u0641 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u062f\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 1789. \u0637\u0628\u0639\u0627\u060c \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f \u062a\u0647\u064a\u0626 \u0631\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628 \u0628\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 (orangiste) \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 1688\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1776\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0631\u0631\u062a \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0628\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 18\u060c \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n
2-\t\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0641\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n
\u0623\u0642\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 1789 \u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646 . \u0641\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f \u062a\u0637\u0628\u0639 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0632\u0639 \u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0631. \u0641\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0641\u062a \u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 400 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u063a\u0630\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634 \u0637\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1789. \u0648\u0638\u0647\u0631 1300 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0643\u0644 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629. “\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643” L\u2019Ami du Roi \u0647\u064a \u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627 Marat : “\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628” L\u2019Ami du Peuple \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0633\u0628\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649. \u0641\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 8 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0633\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062c\u0630\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062d\u0630\u0631\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0627. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0633\u0648 Brissot\u060c \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0631\u0624\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u062f\u064a\u064a\u0646 Girondins\u060c \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 ” \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a” Patriote Fran\u00e7ais\u060c \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0647\u064a\u0628\u0631\u062a H\u00e9bert\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0648\u062c\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u0628\u0633\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0631 Robespierre \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 “\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f” \u0645\u0639\u062a\u062f\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u060c \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u062f\u0648\u0634\u064a\u0646Le P\u00e8re Duchesne…\u0643\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0639\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0641. \u0641\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0634\u062a\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0633\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0621.<\/p>\n
\u0648\u0645\u0635\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0641\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0645\u064a \u062f\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0646 Camille Desmoulin\u064a\u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639. \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0642\u062f \u0623\u0639\u062f\u0645\u060c \u0647\u0648 \u0648\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u062a\u0647.<\/p>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0644\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633 “\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648\u062a”\u060c \u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0639 \u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631. \u0623\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1803 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1810. \u0625\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0645 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 1819 (Serre) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0635\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0634\u0629 (La Restauration) . \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0648\u064a\u0646\u0635 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0641\u064a 17 \u0645\u0627\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646”\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0629 (…) \u0633\u064a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 16 \u0625\u0644\u0649 500 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0643”<\/p>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0648\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633 \u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631. \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0637\u0644\u0642\u062a \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0632 1830. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0648\u0645 25 \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0632 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0648 \u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0636\u062f \u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0634\u0631. \u0641\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u0645\u062d\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629.<\/p>\n
\u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0644\u0648 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0644\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0648\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646\u062d \u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0647\u062f\u062f \u0628\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u062f\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u062a\u0647. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0641\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f \u062d\u062b\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0625\u0647\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0633\u0628\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0633\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0641\u062a \u0635\u062d\u0641 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0631 La Caricature \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a Le Populaire\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d Le R\u00e9formateur\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0628\u0631 La Tribune
\n\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0639\u0627\u062f \u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0648 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1848 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 4 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 1848 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0635\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0642\u062a\u0629. \u0641\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0632\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 1789. \u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062c \u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0634\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u0642\u0637. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0642\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648 1848\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641 \u0628\u0633\u062d\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0631\u0627\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0643 Cavaignac\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0639\u0637\u0641\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629. \u0625\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0643 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c\u0647 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u062a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648\u06321848 \u0648 \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0632 1850\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0639\u064a\u062f \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a…. \u0628\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f.<\/p>\n
\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0641\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0648\u0644\u0648 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 1852 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0635\u0631\u064a\u062d \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0645 17 \u064823 \u0641\u0628\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0631 1852. \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0630\u0626\u0630 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u064a \u0635\u062d\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u0635\u0631\u064a\u062d \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 . \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0644 \u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u062f\u062f \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0629 . \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0631\u0633\u0645 \u062a\u0646\u0628\u0631\u0628\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 6 \u0633\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0646\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u062d\u064a\u0629 . \u0648\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0641\u0629. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0643\u0631\u0627 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0647. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0627. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u0635 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629. <\/p>\n
\u0648\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u062a \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627. \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 1852\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 14 \u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648200 \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a. \u0646\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 “\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0634\u062f” Le Moniteur\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648”\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631” Le Constitutionnel \u0648”\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f” Le Pays. \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0645\u0627 “\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646” Le si\u00e8cle “\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629”La Presse\u060c \u064a\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0634\u0645\u0629. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 “\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629” Le Petit Journal \u0644\u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628\u0647\u0627 “\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0632 \u0645\u064a\u0644\u0648 ” Mo\u00efse Millaud\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0623\u0633\u0633\u062a \u0633\u0646\u0629 1863 \u0623\u0648 “\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u063a\u0627\u0631\u0648”Le Figaro\u060c \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0645\u064a\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u063a\u0627\u0631\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0623\u0633\u0633\u062a \u0633\u0646\u0629 1826 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a \u0631\u0642\u0645 15 \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u064855 \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0642\u0627\u0631\u0626 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1866. <\/p>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 “\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0639” La Rue \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0623\u0633\u0633\u062a \u0633\u0646\u0629 1867 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u0627\u0644\u064aJules Vall\u00e8s\u060c \u0639\u0631\u0641\u062a \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d\u0627 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f\u064a\u0646 27 \u064834 \u060c \u0648\u0633\u062c\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u062f\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0648\u0631. \u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a\u060c “\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0629” La Lanterne \u0644\u0631\u0648\u0634\u0641\u0648\u0631 Rochefort\u060c \u0631\u0623\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0631 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1868\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 11\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0641\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0644. \u0648\u0646\u0633\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u062a\u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0646\u0630\u0626\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0646\u0643\u0631 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0633 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b.<\/p>\n
\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 1870 \u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 “\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a”\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0628\u0643\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u062f \u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0639\u0627\u062f\u062a \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0639\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0641 \u064a\u062e\u0636\u0639 \u0644\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f…\u0628\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0639 \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0645\u0646\u0639\u062a 28 \u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0642\u062a 28 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0631\u0645\u062a 173 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0639.<\/p>\n
\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1876\u060c \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u0629. \u0641\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 29 \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0632 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1881 \u0623\u0644\u063a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0642\u0631 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0641\u064a\u064a\u0646. \u0641\u0639\u0631\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1867. \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 78 \u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0633\u062d\u0628 \u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 963 \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0646\u0633\u062e\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0628\u0644\u063a \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f 250 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0633\u062d\u0628 \u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0648750 \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0646\u0633\u062e\u0629.<\/p>\n
3-\t \u0625\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0627\u0647\u0646\u0629<\/p>\n
\u0638\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 29 \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0632 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u06291881\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629\u060c \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0633\u0646\u06291940. \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0634\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646 P\u00e9tain\u0642\u0648\u0636 \u062f\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u0647\u060c \u0633\u0642\u0637 \u0628\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0621. \u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0645 \u0633\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 1881\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645.<\/p>\n
\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0646\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629. \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062f\u0639\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0628\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0635 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0648 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 1893 \u0648\u0633\u0646\u0629 1894\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 “\u0622\u062b\u0645\u0629” \u062a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0645\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0636\u0648\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u062a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a. \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631.<\/p>\n
\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0641\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f . \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0636\u0639\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0628. \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0636\u062f \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0623\u0648 \u0636\u062f \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635. \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0631\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0646\u0641\u062c\u0631\u062a \u0633\u0646\u0629 1897 \u0623\u0634\u0639\u0644\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 “\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631” La Libre Parole \u0644\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c (“\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0628” La Croix)\u060c \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u062d\u0642\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0648\u0631\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0646\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0648 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u062f \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u0644 \u064a\u0647\u0648\u062f\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0643\u0631\u0648 Roger Salengro\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0641\u0639\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0631. <\/p>\n
\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0636\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u062b \u0645\u0646\u0639\u0637\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a. \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629. \u0641\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u064a\u0633\u0648 Gayssot\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627. \u0641\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0636\u0639 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0639\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u062f\u064a\u0641 \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0641\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062e\u0631\u0629 “\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644\u064a \u0627\u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648” Charlie Hebdo . \u0623\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u0641\u0639\u0648\u0627 \u062f\u0639\u0648\u0629 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 “\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645” \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0647\u0645 . \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0644\u0648 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0631\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0643\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0624\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u062f\u064a\u0641\u060c \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0631\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n
\u0625\u0646 \u062e\u0637\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0641\u062a\u060c \u0633\u062a\u0637\u0631\u062d \u0645\u0635\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631.<\/p>\n
\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u062a\u0647\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0647\u062f\u062f \u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0647\u064a\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646 Hersant. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0648\u0641\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u064a\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1996\u060c \u062a\u0645 \u062d\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0641\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0631\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0631\u062c \u062f\u0627\u0633\u0648 Serge Dassault. \u0641\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0649 “\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0633\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0633” L\u2019Express\u060c “\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 “L\u2019Expansion \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u063a\u0627\u0631\u0648 Le Figaro… \u0648\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 70 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627. \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0643\u0627\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0631 Lagard\u00e8re \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0644 Le Proven\u00e7al\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646\u064a “\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0631\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0644” Le M\u00e9ridional. \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0641\u064a “\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0646\u062f” Monde. \u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 2005 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0625\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0631\u0648\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0644\u062f \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a “\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0646” Lib\u00e9ration. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0641\u062a\u062d\u062a ” \u0644\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0646\u062f” \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u060c \u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0635\u062d\u0641\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628 “\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0646\u062f” “\u0645\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0628\u0631” Midi Libre\u060c \u0648”\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0644” Le Courrier international\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 “\u062a\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0627” T\u00e9l\u00e9rama.<\/p>\n
\u0648\u064a\u0647\u062f\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0625\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062f \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 . \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 . \u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0644 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 31 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 167 \u0646\u0633\u062e\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646 . \u0648\u064a\u0641\u0633\u0631 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0634\u064a\u062e\u0648\u062e\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0647\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0632\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u064a\u062a. \u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0641\u062a\u0623 \u064a\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0635 \u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0635 \u0645\u0639\u0647 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 34 \u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1945\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u062f \u0633\u0648\u0649 6 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 . \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644. \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0633\u0646\u06291945 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 175\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 60 \u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u060c \u0628\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0646\u0633\u062e \u064a\u0635\u0644 6 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646. <\/p>\n
\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0627\u060c \u0647\u064a \u0635\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a. \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 (2007) \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 2500 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 659 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0633\u0646\u0629 2004. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0632 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0633\u062e \u064a\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0635 .<\/p>\n
4-\t\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u062a\u0645\u0629<\/p>\n
\u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0628\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u0628\u062a \u0637\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 19 \u0623\u062f\u0631\u0643\u062a \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0635\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0629. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0628\u0643\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631. \u0635\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0636\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u0634\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062e\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0647\u062f\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0647\u0645\u0627 : \u0645\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0635\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0644\u062f \u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0643\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0627 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0646\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 17 \u0644\u0646\u0631\u0649 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0632\u0627 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0648\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0628\u0644\u063a \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0643\u0645\u0647 …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1866,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[2],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1584","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-2"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/badilpress.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1584","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/badilpress.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/badilpress.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/badilpress.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/badilpress.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1584"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/badilpress.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1584\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/badilpress.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/1866"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/badilpress.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1584"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/badilpress.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1584"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/badilpress.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1584"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}